Infertility means not being able to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse, or after six months if the woman is 35 or older. It is more common than many people think, and it is not only a “woman’s problem”. Causes can lie with the woman, the man, or both, and in some couples no clear cause is found. The good news is that many causes can be treated.

Common Causes in Women

Ovulation problems: When eggs are not released regularly, pregnancy becomes difficult. PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) is one of the most common causes, along with thyroid disorders and high prolactin levels.

Blocked fallopian tubes: Past pelvic infections, sexually transmitted infections, previous surgery or genital tuberculosis can damage or block the tubes, preventing the egg and sperm from meeting.

Endometriosis: Tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, causing painful periods and reduced fertility.

Uterine problems: Fibroids, polyps or abnormalities in the shape of the uterus can affect implantation.

Age: A woman’s fertility gradually declines with age, especially after 35, as egg quantity and quality reduce.

Common Causes in Men

Low sperm count or poor sperm movement: This is one of the most common causes of male infertility.

Varicocele: Swollen veins in the scrotum can raise the temperature and affect sperm production.

Hormonal problems and infections: Hormonal imbalances and infections of the reproductive tract can reduce fertility.

Lifestyle factors: Smoking, alcohol, tobacco, obesity, uncontrolled diabetes, and long exposure to heat (tight clothing, hot workplaces, keeping a laptop on the lap) can harm sperm quality.

Factors That Affect Both Partners

Being overweight or underweight, smoking, alcohol, chronic stress, uncontrolled diabetes or thyroid disease, and certain medicines can reduce fertility in both men and women.

When to see a doctor: Consult a specialist if you have been trying for a year (or six months if the woman is over 35), or earlier if there are irregular or absent periods, very painful periods, known pelvic infection or TB, previous surgery, or known male fertility problems. Both partners should be evaluated together.